{"id":3293,"date":"2020-02-03T21:49:55","date_gmt":"2020-02-03T21:49:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/?page_id=3293"},"modified":"2022-11-01T10:44:41","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T10:44:41","slug":"66721-natural-gas-science","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/66710-natural-gas-safety-smart\/66721-natural-gas-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Natural Gas Science"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:#ff6633;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ff6633;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:4px solid #000000;\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/66710-natural-gas-safety-smart\/\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1970\" height=\"360\" alt=\"&lt; Back to\u2026 Natural Gas Safety-SMART! \" src=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220.png\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-7318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220-200x37.png 200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220-400x73.png 400w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220-600x110.png 600w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220-800x146.png 800w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220-1200x219.png 1200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/66710_Nat_Gas_Safety-SMART_subpage_bnr_1970x220.png 1970w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 1970px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-margin-top:10px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"margin:0;\">Natural Gas Science<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-last fusion-no-small-visibility fusion-no-medium-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-no-small-visibility fusion-no-medium-visibility fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><h2 style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PGE_Natural_Gas_Safety-SMART_certificate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener style= noreferrer\"><i class=\"fa-file-pdf far button-icon-left\" style=\"color: #c2002c;\"><\/i><span style=\"color: #c2002c;\">Print your certificate<\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first fusion-no-large-visibility\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/PGE_Natural_Gas_Safety-SMART_certificate.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener style= noreferrer\"><i class=\"fa-file-pdf far button-icon-left\" style=\"color: #c2002c;\"><\/i><span style=\"color: #c2002c;\">Print your certificate<\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-tabs fusion-tabs-1 classic vertical-tabs icon-position-left mobile-mode-accordion\" style=\"--awb-title-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-title-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-title-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-title-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-alignment:start;--awb-inactive-color:#ffffff;--awb-background-color:#f4f4f4;--awb-border-color:#000000;--awb-active-border-color:#00a4dd;\"><div class=\"nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\"><li class=\"active\" role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-c35aef71bc9adc6a99f\" aria-selected=\"true\" id=\"fusion-tab-whatisnaturalgas?\" href=\"#tab-c35aef71bc9adc6a99f\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>What Is Natural Gas?<\/h4><\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-168a8ceb8b7bd3958b8\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"fusion-tab-olderthandinosaurs\" href=\"#tab-168a8ceb8b7bd3958b8\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>Older Than Dinosaurs<\/h4><\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-79a359fbfc00a1c080e\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"fusion-tab-searchingfortheinvisible\" href=\"#tab-79a359fbfc00a1c080e\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>Searching for the Invisible<\/h4><\/a><\/li><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-0291d9fff3f6b875cc8\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"fusion-tab-viewexperiments\" href=\"#tab-0291d9fff3f6b875cc8\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>View Experiments<\/h4><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-content\"><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\"><li class=\"active\" role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-c35aef71bc9adc6a99f\" aria-selected=\"true\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-whatisnaturalgas?\" href=\"#tab-c35aef71bc9adc6a99f\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>What Is Natural Gas?<\/h4><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix in active\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-whatisnaturalgas?\" id=\"tab-c35aef71bc9adc6a99f\">\n<h2>What Is Natural Gas?<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-7278 img_border_cs\" src=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Close up of flame on gas stove\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/closeup_of_gas_stove_flame.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><span class=\"fusion-popover popover-1\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-1\" data-container=\"popover-1\" data-content=\"A hydrocarbon gas found in the earth, composed of methane, ethane, butane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hexane, heptanes, and pentane.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Natural Gas\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>Natural gas<\/span><\/strong> is a fuel that&#8217;s used to heat buildings, cook food, dry clothes, heat water, and even to help produce electricity. It&#8217;s sometimes called &#8220;gas&#8221; for short, but don&#8217;t confuse it with the gasoline that runs your car. Gasoline is a <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-2\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-2\" data-container=\"popover-2\" data-html-content=\" A substance whose molecules are in constant, random motion but do not move as fast as those in a gas. A liquid can take on the shape of its container but keeps the same volume, no matter what container it&#039;s in.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Natural Gas\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>liquid<\/strong><\/span>, while natural gas is&#8230;you guessed it&#8230;a <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-3\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-3\" data-container=\"popover-3\" data-content=\" A substance whose molecules are randomly moving so quickly that the molecules easily separate from one another. Gases will spread out and take on the shape and volume of whatever they are in - a jar, a room, or the atmosphere.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Gas\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>gas<\/strong><\/span>!<\/p>\n<p>In fact, natural gas is really a mixture of gases that formed from the decayed remains of ancient plants and animals buried deep in the earth. The main ingredient in natural gas is <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-4\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-4\" data-container=\"popover-4\" data-content=\"A hydrocarbon gas that is the main ingredient in natural gas. Methane molecules each contain one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Methane\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>methane<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Methane is colorless, odorless, and lighter than air. It gives off a lot of heat and light when it burns, but doesn&#8217;t produce smoke. That makes natural gas a good fuel for use in the home. Today, more than half the homes in the U.S. are heated by natural gas.<\/p>\n<p>Natural gas is a popular fuel choice because it burns cleaner, hotter, and brighter than other <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-5\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-5\" data-container=\"popover-5\" data-content=\"Coal, oil, and natural gas are known as fossil fuels because they were formed from the remains of animals or plants that lived long ago.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Fossil Fuels\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>fossil fuels<\/strong><\/span> like <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-6\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-6\" data-container=\"popover-6\" data-content=\"A fossil fuel consisting of black or brown rock that is taken out of the ground at large mines.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Coal\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>coal<\/strong><\/span> and <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-7\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-7\" data-container=\"popover-7\" data-content=\"A fossil fuel in liquid form that is obtained through wells drilled deep in the earth.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Oil\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>oil,<\/strong><\/span> and it&#8217;s also reliable. Because natural gas pipes are buried safely underground, you aren&#8217;t likely to lose service during stormy weather.<\/p>\n<div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian cc-accordian-answer\" style=\"--awb-border-size:4px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:16px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#d6d6d6;--awb-border-color:#000000;--awb-background-color:#f4f4f4;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#00466c;--awb-content-color:#333333;--awb-icon-box-color:#00a4dd;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#00a4dd;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;ClassicComicW01-BoldIta&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:700;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:16px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;DIN Medium PGE&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-3293-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-07ed7cecd157ec1db fusion-toggle-no-divider fusion-toggle-boxed-mode\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_07ed7cecd157ec1db\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"07ed7cecd157ec1db\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#07ed7cecd157ec1db\" href=\"#07ed7cecd157ec1db\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">In what three states are fossils fuels found?<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"07ed7cecd157ec1db\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_07ed7cecd157ec1db\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<h4>Solid, liquid, and gas!<\/h4>\n<p>All the objects in the world that we can see and touch are in one of three &#8220;states&#8221; or conditions: solid, liquid, or gas. Fossil fuels are found in all three of these states.<br \/>A solid is a substance whose shape and volume (the amount of space it takes up) do not change, regardless of the container it is in. Coal is a solid.<\/p>\n<p>A liquid will take the shape of the bottom of its container, but its volume will not change. Oil and gasoline are liquids.<\/p>\n<p>A gas is any substance that will spread out in all directions to fill whatever container it is in and will also take the container&#8217;s shape. Methane is a gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\"><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-168a8ceb8b7bd3958b8\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-olderthandinosaurs\" href=\"#tab-168a8ceb8b7bd3958b8\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>Older Than Dinosaurs<\/h4><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-olderthandinosaurs\" id=\"tab-168a8ceb8b7bd3958b8\">\n<h2>Older Than Dinosaurs<\/h2>\n<p>Natural gas began with tiny plants and animals that lived more than 200 million years ago\u2014even before dinosaurs roamed the earth! Tiny water creatures and swamp plants died and were covered over by mud, sand, and silt. Over millions of years, heat and pressure inside the earth turned their decaying remains into natural gas.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-fusion-200 wp-image-7280 img_border_cs\" src=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-200x134.jpg\" alt=\"Dinosaur bones on stone wall\" width=\"200\" height=\"134\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-200x134.jpg 200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-400x268.jpg 400w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-600x402.jpg 600w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall-800x536.jpg 800w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/dinosaur_fossils_on_wall.jpg 929w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>Like other fossil fuels, natural gas is found deep underground. Three types of rock formations allow the natural gas to form and collect. The <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-8\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-8\" data-container=\"popover-8\" data-content=\"Rock that supplies the natural gas in a gas trap. The gas was generated by the decomposition of tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago, sank to the muddy bottom, and became part of this rock. Shale is a common source rock.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Source Rock\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>source rock<\/strong><\/span> is the rock that produces the natural gas. The <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-9\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-9\" data-container=\"popover-9\" data-content=\"A layer of porous sedimentary rock, usually sandstone or limestone. The natural gas migrates into the pores of the reservoir rock.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Reservoir Rock\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>reservoir rock<\/strong><\/span> is the porous rock that the natural gas seeps into as it rises. And the <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-10\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-10\" data-container=\"popover-10\" data-content=\"The cap rock keeps underground natural gas deposits from escaping upward. Granite is a common cap rock.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Cap Rock\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>cap rock<\/strong><\/span>, or seal, is the layer of very dense rock above the reservoir rock that keeps the gas from leaking to the surface. The reservoir rock and cap rock together are known as a <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-11\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-11\" data-container=\"popover-11\" data-content=\"An arrangement of three types of rock that geologists look for when searching for natural gas: the source rock that produces the natural gas, the porous reservoir rock that holds the natural gas, and the cap rock that keeps the gas from escaping.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Gas Trap\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>gas trap<\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-fusion-600 wp-image-7283 img_border_cs\" src=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rock-levels-600x258.png\" alt=\"Illustration of rock levels for gas oil water source rock cap rock and reservoir rock\" width=\"600\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rock-levels-200x86.png 200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rock-levels-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rock-levels-400x172.png 400w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rock-levels-600x258.png 600w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/rock-levels.png 650w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\"><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-79a359fbfc00a1c080e\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-searchingfortheinvisible\" href=\"#tab-79a359fbfc00a1c080e\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>Searching for the Invisible<\/h4><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-searchingfortheinvisible\" id=\"tab-79a359fbfc00a1c080e\">\n<h2>Searching for the Invisible<\/h2>\n<p>Imagine looking for buried treasure without a map. Now imagine that the treasure is also invisible. That&#8217;s the challenge <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-12\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-12\" data-container=\"popover-12\" data-content=\"A person who studies the physical nature and history of the earth as his or her career.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Geologists\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>geologists<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0face when exploring for natural gas.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-fusion-200 wp-image-7424 img_border_cs\" src=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-200x179.png\" alt=\"Illustration of two pirates on skull island with x marking treasure location\" width=\"200\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-200x179.png 200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-400x359.png 400w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-600x538.png 600w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-768x689.png 768w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map-800x717.png 800w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/skull_treasure_map.png 841w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>Sometimes there are clues on the earth&#8217;s surface. An <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-13\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-13\" data-container=\"popover-13\" data-content=\"The appearance of oil on the surface of the ground that geologists use as a telltale sign of natural gas below, since oil and natural gas are usually found together.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Oil Seep\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>oil seep<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0is a possible sign of natural gas below, since oil and gas are sometimes found together. Geologists also have sensitive machines that can &#8220;sniff&#8221; surface soil and air for small amounts of natural gas that may have leaked from below ground.<\/p>\n<p>But in order to get to the source of the natural gas, geologists need to find a gas trap\u2014an underground rock formation that traps natural gas beneath it. The geologists start by mapping the surface of the ground. Then they use those maps to try to guess what the rocks below the surface look like.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-fusion-200 wp-image-7419 img_border_cs\" src=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/seismogram-200x180.png\" alt=\"Seismogram\" width=\"200\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/seismogram-200x180.png 200w, https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/seismogram.png 234w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>Geologists also conduct <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-14\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-14\" data-container=\"popover-14\" data-content=\"One of the tests used by geologists to determine if rocks have the properties needed to contain natural gas underground.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Seismic Surveys\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>seismic surveys<\/strong><\/span>. They send sound waves into the ground and measure how fast the waves bounce back. This tells them how hard and how thick the different rock layers are underground. The data is fed into a computer, which draws a picture of the rock layers. This picture is called a <span class=\"fusion-popover popover-15\" data-animation=\"1\" data-class=\"popover-15\" data-container=\"popover-15\" data-html-content=\"A two- or three-dimensional record made by a computer that measures changes in the density of rock. Geologists analyze seismograms and use them to visualize the rock layers beneath the earth&#039;s surface that might reveal possible natural gas and\/or oil traps.\" data-delay=\"50\" data-placement=\"top\" data-title=\"Seismogram\" data-toggle=\"popover\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><strong>seismogram<\/strong><\/span>. So, when geologists explore for natural gas, they aren&#8217;t really looking for the gas, because the gas is invisible. They&#8217;re looking for certain rock formations that might hold natural gas. Of course, the only way to be sure natural gas is down there is to drill a well.<\/div><div class=\"nav fusion-mobile-tab-nav\"><ul class=\"nav-tabs\" role=\"tablist\"><li role=\"presentation\"><a class=\"tab-link\" data-toggle=\"tab\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"tab-0291d9fff3f6b875cc8\" aria-selected=\"false\" tabindex=\"-1\" id=\"mobile-fusion-tab-viewexperiments\" href=\"#tab-0291d9fff3f6b875cc8\"><h4 class=\"fusion-tab-heading\"><i class=\"fontawesome-icon fa-burn fas\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"font-size:15px;\"><\/i>View Experiments<\/h4><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"tab-pane fade fusion-clearfix\" role=\"tabpanel\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-labelledby=\"fusion-tab-viewexperiments\" id=\"tab-0291d9fff3f6b875cc8\">\n<h2>Download these exciting experiments:<\/h2>\n<div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:1rem;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div>\n<h3><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/66710-natural-gas-safety-smart\/66721-natural-gas-science\/66721-rocks-that-trap-gas-experiment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i class=\"fa-print fas button-icon-left\"><\/i><span class=\"\">Rocks That Trap Gas<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:1rem;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div>\n<h3><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/66710-natural-gas-safety-smart\/66721-natural-gas-science\/66721-making-methane-advanced-experiment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i class=\"fa-print fas far button-icon-left\"><\/i><span class=\"\">Making Methane (Advanced)<\/span><\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-aligncenter\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-1 fusion-button-span-no fusion-button-default-type fusion-has-button-gradient button-text\" style=\"--button_accent_color:#000000;--button_accent_hover_color:#000000;--button_border_hover_color:#000000;--button_border_width-top:3px;--button_border_width-right:3px;--button_border_width-bottom:3px;--button_border_width-left:3px;--button_gradient_top_color:#ffb404;--button_gradient_bottom_color:#ffe100;--button_gradient_top_color_hover:#ffe100;--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:#ffb404;\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/66710-natural-gas-safety-smart\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">&lt; Back to Natural Gas Safety-SMART!<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-margin-bottom:0px;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-aligncenter\"><a class=\"fusion-button button-flat button-large button-custom fusion-button-default button-2 fusion-button-span-no fusion-button-default-type fusion-has-button-gradient button-text\" style=\"--button_accent_color:#000000;--button_accent_hover_color:#000000;--button_border_hover_color:#000000;--button_border_width-top:3px;--button_border_width-right:3px;--button_border_width-bottom:3px;--button_border_width-left:3px;--button_gradient_top_color:#ffb404;--button_gradient_bottom_color:#ffe100;--button_gradient_top_color_hover:#ffe100;--button_gradient_bottom_color_hover:#ffb404;\" target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/66710-natural-gas-safety-smart\/66731-the-travels-of-natural-gas\/\"><span class=\"fusion-button-text awb-button__text awb-button__text--default\">Onward to the next section! &gt;<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-margin-bottom:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"parent":3291,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3293","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3293","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3293"}],"version-history":[{"count":71,"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3293\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9453,"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3293\/revisions\/9453"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3291"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pgesafetyeducation.com\/school\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3293"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}